Silicon oxycarbide (SiCO) ceramics obtained from polymer pyrolysis and with varied carbon contents were prepared and evaluated as new electrodic materials for sensing of tert butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) antioxidants. Three polymers were synthesized varying molecular architecture and aromatic carbon groups, followed by pyrolysis at 1000 and 1500 °C to obtain SiCO ceramics. Graphitization and crystallization processes were evidenced, in different extent, according to precursor chemistry. SiCO at 1500 °C with intermediary carbon content provided slight improvement in the peak anodic separation of TBHQ and BHA and higher peak current compared with glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Higher acidic sites concentration together with more ordered residual carbon phase produced in situ contributed to great electrochemical performance of SiCO towards phenolic compounds detection. Therefore, the ceramic herein prepared exhibits highly efficient features as a new SiCO composited electrode for simultaneous determination of antioxidant phenolic compounds bearing in mind further analytical applications.

This work deals on the preparation of silicon oxycarbide (SiOC) and silicon boron oxycarbide (SiBOC) ceramics from pyrolysis involving alkoxysilanes with different organic groups. Boron content, organic substituent and annealing time were evaluated on crystallization and composition of resulting ceramics. B-free precursors composed of methyltriethoxysilane (MTES), phenyltriethoxysilane (PTES) and vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS) were obtained by the sol-gel method, whilst B-containing precursors were prepared by adding to each alkoxysilane a proper amount of boric acid resulting in B/Si atomic ratios of 0.1 and 0.5. Precursors were pyrolyzed at 1500 ºC for 1 and 3 h to produce respective SiOC and SiBOC ceramics. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns revealed enhanced SiC phase crystallization for PTES-derived ceramics, followed by those containing vinyl and methyl groups, which was also confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) from percentages of SiºC and Si?O bonds. Csp2 and Csp3 amounts varied among ceramics, indicating direct influence of organic substituent on conductive carbon phase development. Boron addition induced the growth of SiC crystallites, having more evident effect in matrices with higher proportions of amorphous fraction and lower residual carbon amounts. Organic group nature, boron content and annealing time played an important role for production and evolution of SiC and C phases into ceramics.

RESUMO Para que um sistema de produção de coelhos seja rentável, deve-se levar em consideração a raça do coelho, nutrição, manejo, sanidade e, principalmente, ambiente térmico que o animal ficará exposto durante o período produtivo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar o ambiente térmico interno em dois galpões de criação de coelhos, sendo um galpão sem lanternim e outro galpão com lanternim por meio da geoestatística. Foram coletados dados em 48 pontos em cada galpão, durante oito dias do final do verão de 2016. As medições de temperatura do bulbo seco, umidade relativa do ar e velocidade do vento foram feitas durante um minuto, em três horários do dia, às 7, 12 e 17 h. Posteriormente, calculou-se a entalpia e realizou-se uma análise dos dados utilizando as ferramentas da geoestatística e a confecção de mapas de isocores por meio da interpolação por krigagem. Com base nos resultados da geoestatística foi possível caracterizar a magnitude e a estrutura da variabilidade dessa variável no interior dos galpões sem e com laternim. Observou-se ainda, por meio dos mapas de isocores confeccionados, a heterogeneidade da distribuição espacial da entalpia em diversas regiões dos dois galpões. O lanternim auxiliou na obtenção de ambiente interno mais favorável para criação de coelhos devido ao fato deste galpão apresentar valores de entalpia mais próximos das condições consideradas como ideais para o alojamento de coelhos, além de menor heterogeneidade na distribuição espacial da entalpia.

ABSTRACT The profitability of a rabbit farming system must consider the rabbit’s breed, nutrition, management, sanitation and mainly the thermal environment that the animal will be exposed during the productive period. The aim of this study was to compare the internal thermal environment of two rabbit houses, one with ridge vent and the other without ridge vent. Geostatistical technique was used to evaluate the spatial variability of enthalpy. Data were collected at 48 points in each house during eight days at the end of summer season 2016. Measurements of dry-bulb temperature, relative humidity and wind speed were made for 1 min at three times a day at 7:00 a.m., 12:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. In addition, the enthalpy was calculated and a data analysis was performed using geostatistical tools and isocolor maps through interpolation by kriging. Based on results from geostatistics, it was possible to characterize the variability magnitude and structure of this variable inside the rabbits’ houses with and without ridge vent. The heterogeneity of the spatial distribution of enthalpy in several regions of two houses was also observed through generated isocolor maps. The ridge vent assisted in obtaining a more favorable internal environment for rabbit breeding because this house showed more comfortable conditions of enthalpy values, besides lower heterogeneity of the spatial distribution of enthalpy.

RESUMO Objetivou-se neste trabalho estimar e comparar as frequências respiratórias (respirações min-1) de pintinhos submetidos a diferentes intensidades e durações de exposição térmica durante a primeira semana de vida utilizando um Sistema de Inferência Fuzzy e um Sistema Genético Difuso Baseado em Regras Fuzzy. O experimento foi conduzido em quatro túneis de vento climatizados e utilizou-se 210 pintinhos. O Sistema de Inferência Fuzzy foi estruturado com base em duas variáveis de entrada: duração da exposição térmica (dias) e a temperatura do bulbo seco (°C), e a variável de saída foi frequências respiratórias. O Sistema Genético Difuso Baseado em Regras Fuzzy ajustou os parâmetros das variáveis de entrada e saída do modelo Sistema de Inferência Fuzzy com o propósito de aumentar a precisão da predição dos valores das frequências respiratórias. Os dois sistemas (Sistema de Inferência Fuzzy e Sistema Genético Difuso Baseado em Regras Fuzzy) mostraram-se capazes de predizer as frequências respiratórias de pintinhos. O Sistema Genético Difuso Baseado em Regras Fuzzy interagiu satisfatoriamente com o modelo Sistema de Inferência Fuzzy previamente desenvolvido, apresentando uma melhora na precisão da predição das frequências respiratórias. O Sistema de Inferência Fuzzy apresentou erro percentual médio de 2,77 e para o Sistema Genético Difuso Baseado em Regras Fuzzy o erro foi de 0,87, o que indica uma melhora na acurácia da predição da frequência respiratória quando utiliza a ferramenta de algoritmos genéticos.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to estimate and compare the respiratory rate (breath min-1) of broiler chicks subjected to different heat intensities and exposure durations for the first week of life using a Fuzzy Inference System and a Genetic Fuzzy Rule Based System. The experiment was conducted in four environmentally controlled wind tunnels and using 210 chicks. The Fuzzy Inference System was structured based on two input variables: duration of thermal exposure (in days) and dry bulb temperature (°C), and the output variable was respiratory rate. The Genetic Fuzzy Rule Based System set the parameters of input and output variables of the Fuzzy Inference System model in order to increase the prediction accuracy of the respiratory rate values. The two systems (Fuzzy Inference System and Genetic Fuzzy Rule Based System) proved to be able to predict the respiratory rate of chicks. The Genetic Fuzzy Rule Based System interacted well with the Fuzzy Inference System model previously developed showing an improvement in the respiratory rate prediction accuracy. The Fuzzy Inference System had mean percentage error of 2.77, and for Fuzzy Inference System and Genetic Fuzzy Rule Based System it was 0.87, thus indicating an improvement in the accuracy of prediction of respiratory rate when using the tool of genetic algorithms.

The acute toxicity of copper and cadmium in Oreochromis niloticus was evaluated through a 96 h static assay. Precipitation of Cu and co-precipitation of Cd in the presence of Cu were noted, being indicative of differences in nominal and actual concentrations of metals. Under these conditions, LC50-96h was determined as 3.53 mg L-1Cu, 20.1 mg L-1 Cd and 1.36 mg L-1 (Cu + Cd). Besides the quantitative determinations of total dissolved metals in water, considerations on Cd/Cu interactions in aquatic media were presented, allowing the assessment for metals speciation. Data revealed that alkalinity, hardness, dissolved organic carbon and formation of inorganic complexes reduce metal availabilities, mainly in relation to Cu. In spite of this, the LC50 for Cd was significantly reduced in the presence of Cu, matching environmental realistic values. Based on simulated fate of metals, hardness may impair a reduction of 18 and 2% in metal activities, respectively to Cu and Cd.

Conduziu-se este estudo com o objetivo de avaliar a concentração de metais pesados no solo, provenientes de resíduos orgânicos, bem como a ocorrência de fitotoxicidade de metais em soja. Os metais no solo foram extraídos por ácidos orgânicos, comumente presentes na rizosfera das plantas. A soja foi cultivada sucessivamente, durante oito anos, e recebeu repetidamente, a aplicação dos resíduos de origem urbana, como lodo de esgoto biodigerido (LB) e lodo de esgoto centrifugado (LC), e de origem industrial, como escória de aciaria (E) e a lama cal (LCal). O experimento foi conduzido em Latossolo Vermelho distrófico (Oxisolo) na UNESP, Botucatu, SP, onde recebeu os resíduos nas doses de zero (controle) 2, 4, e 8 Mg ha-1, antes da semeadura da soja, de 2002 a 2010, a cada dois anos, totalizando quatro aplicações. Nas profundidades analisadas de 0 a 0,10 m e de 0,10 a 0,20 m, ficou evidente que o resíduo que mais acrescentou metais ao solo e às folhas e grãos da soja, foi o LB, aumentando a concentração de Ni, Cd, Pb e Zn, enquanto que nos tratamentos em que se aplicou a escória (E), o principal metal liberado ao solo foi o Cr. A aplicação da LCal não aumentou a concentração dos metais e a soja apresentou uma concentração de Cr, Ni e Zn acima dos limites máximos permitidos para grãos alimentícios, quando recebeu LB, principalmente na dose de 8,0 Mg ha-1.

The experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the concentration of heavy metals in the soil, from organic residues, extracted by organic acids commonly present in the rhizosphere of the plants and also the occurrence of heavy metal phytotoxicity problems in soybeans grown successively after the use of waste from urban, such as biodigested (LB) and centrifuged sewage sludge (LC), industrial steel slag (E) and lime mud (LCal) that were applied over a long period of time. The experiment was conducted in a Red distrophic Latosol (Oxisol), at UNESP in Botucatu, SP. It consisted of four types of waste, applied at zero (control), 2, 4 and 8 Mg ha-1 (dry basis) before the soybean sowing, every two years, since 2002 till 2010, totaling four applications. In the depth analysed, 0 to 0.10 m and 0.10 to 0.20 m, it was evident that the residue which added most metals to the soil, the leaves and the soybean grains was the LB, increasing the Ni, Cd, Pb and Zn concentration, while in the treatment where the steel slag (E) was used, Cr was the main metal released in the soil. The application of lime mud (LCal) did not increase the concentration of metals in the soil. The soybean crop showed concentration of Cr, Ni and Zn, exceeding the maximum permitted limit for food grains, when it received LB, especially in the highest dose of 8.0 Mg ha-1.

A variação espacial e temporal das concentrações de nutrientes das folhas e do sedimento entre as raízes de Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn. f. e Rhizophora mangle L. foi analisada no manguezal do estuário do Rio São Mateus, Espírito Santo, Brasil. No tecido foliar, os nutrientes seguiram a ordem: N > Ca > K > Mg > S > P > Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu, havendo diferença significativa entre espécies e sítios de estudo. Em geral, os teores de K foram mais elevados no período seco em relação ao período chuvoso, para ambas as espécies analisadas, enquanto que Ca e Cu exibiram maiores concentrações no período chuvoso, para Laguncularia racemosa. No sedimento, os nutrientes seguiram a ordem: Mg > Ca > Fe > K > Mn > P > Zn > Cu, em geral, com menores concentrações no sítio onde o sedimento foi mais arenoso. Registrou-se variação significativa das concentrações de nutrientes do sedimento entre os períodos analisados, mas o padrão sazonal não foi claro para todos nutrientes. Concentrações de nutrientes determinadas nas folhas de ambas as espécies não se correlacionaram com as concentrações dos respectivos sedimentos. O fator de concentração foi menor que 1,0 para Fe e entre 1,0 e 3,7 para Mn, Zn e Cu. Estes resultados fornecem evidências fisiológicas sobre a relevância destas espécies arbóreas para o papel dos manguezais como barreira biogeoquímica ao trânsito de metais pesados.

Spatial and temporal variation of the nutrient concentrations in leaves and sediment between the roots of Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn. f and Rhizophora mangle L. was analyzed in the mangrove forest of the estuary of São Mateus River, Espírito Santo, Brazil. In leaves, the nutrients followed the sequence: N> Ca> K> Mg> S> P> Fe> Mn> Zn> Cu, and there were significant differences between species and sites studied. In general, the levels of K were higher in the dry season compared to the rainy season for both species analyzed while Ca and Cu showed higher concentrations in the rainy season for Laguncularia racemosa. In the sediment, the nutrients followed the sequence: Mg> Ca> Fe> K> Mn> P> Zn> Cu, in general, with lower concentrations at the site where the sediment was sandier. We observed a significant variation of nutrient concentrations in the sediment between the periods analyzed, but the seasonal pattern was not clear for all nutrients. Nutrient concentration profile found in leaves of both plant species was not correlated with concentrations found in the respective sediments. The concentration factor was less than 1.0 for Fe and between 1.0 and 3.7 for Mn, Zn and Cu. These results provide physiological evidences about the relevance of these tree species for the role of mangroves as biogeochemical barriers to the transit of heavy metals.

Complexos do tipo trans-[Ru(L)(NH3)4(L’)](PF6)n, onde L = 4-cianopiridina (CNpy), NCS-, CN-, e L’ = CNpy, 1,4-ditiano (1,4-dt), 4-mercaptopiridina (pyS) e tionicotinamida (tna), foram sintetizados e caracterizados. SAMs sobre ouro formadas com os complexos que contêm ligantes sulfurados foram estudadas por desorção redutiva e espectroscopia SERS. Dependendo da natureza do ligante L’, a capacidade retiradora do ligante CNpy mostrou ser forte o suficiente para oxidar parcialmente o átomo de rutênio e, em consequência, deslocalizar densidade eletrônica s do ligante localizado em posição trans. Os resultados de desorção redutiva mostraram que a estabilidade das SAMs formadas está diretamente relacionada a este efeito.

Trans-[Ru(L)(NH3)4(L’)](PF6)n type complexes, where L = 4-cyanopyridine (CNpy), NCS-, CN-, and L’ = CNpy, 1,4-dithiane (1,4-dt), 4-mercaptopyridine (pyS) and thionicotinamide (tna), were synthesized and characterized. SAMs on gold of the complexes containing sulfur were studied by reductive desorption and SERS spectroscopy. Depending on the nature of L’, the withdrawing capability of the CNpy ligand is strong enough to partially oxidize the ruthenium atom and, as a consequence, delocalize the s electronic density from the trans located ligand. The reductive desorption results showed that the stability of the SAMs is directly related to this effect.

Um novo derivado da piperazina, 5-oxopiperazinio-3-sulfonato monohidratado, foi produzido a partir de uma rota sintética simples como resultado da adição do íon bisulfito, HSO3-, ao anel e do ataque nucleofílico de moléculas de água a moléculas de pirazina. O material isolado foi caracterizado por RMN, espectrometria de massa, infravermelho e difração de raios-X.

A new derivative of piperazine, 5-oxopiperazinium-3-sulfonate monohydrate, was produced from a simple synthetic route as a result of the nucleophilic addition to HSO3- bisulphite ion and of the nucleophilic attack of water molecules on pyrazine molecules. The isolated material was characterized by means of NMR, mass spectrometry, infrared, and X-ray diffraction.

The objective of the study was to determine the effect of switching from an open (glass or semi-rigid plastic) infusion container to a closed, fully collapsible plastic infusion container (Viaflex®) on rate and time to onset of central lineassociated bloodstream infections (CLABSI). An open-label, prospective cohort, active healthcare-associated infection surveillance, sequential study was conducted in three intensive care units in Brazil. The CLABSI rate using open infusion containers was compared to the rate using a closed infusion container. Probability of acquiring CLABSI was assessed over time and compared between open and closed infusion container periods; three-day intervals were examined. A total of 1125 adult ICU patients were enrolled. CLABSI rate was significantly higher during the open compared with the closed infusion container period (6.5 versus 3.2 CLABSI/1000 CL days; RR=0.49, 95%CI=0.26- 0.95, p=0.031). During the closed infusion container period, the probability of acquiring a CLABSI remained relatively constant along the time of central line use (0.8% Days 2-4 to 0.7% Days 11-13) but increased in the open infusion container period (1.5% Days 2-4 to 2.3% Days 11-13). Combined across all time intervals, the chance of a patient acquiring a CLABSI was significantly lower (55%) in the closed infusion container period (Cox proportional hazard ratio 0.45, p= 0.019). CLABSIs can be reduced with the use of full barrier precautions, education, and performance feedback. Our results show that switching from an open to a closed infusion container may further reduce CLABSI rate as well as delay the onset of CLABSIs. Closed infusion containers significantly reduced CLABSI rate and the probability of acquiring CLABSI.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito do consumo crônico de di e trieptanoínas sobre a esteatose hepática (EH) em ratos. METODOLOGIA: Ratos Wistar submetidos à dieta AIN-93 com 0%, 30% ou 50% de substituição do óleo por óleo rico em di e trieptanoína, grupos TAGC(7)0, TAGC(7)30 e TAGC(7)50, respectivamente, por nove meses. O grupo-controle recebeu ração Labina®. Analisaram-se histologia e provas de função e lesão hepática, glicemia e perfil lipídico sérico. Realizaram-se análise de variância, teste F, teste de Dunnet e análises de regressão uni e multivariadas (p < 0,05). RESULTADOS: TAGC(7)0, TAGC(7)30 e TAGC(7)50 desenvolveram EH; 80% de casos graves no TAGC(7)0 contra 40% no TAGC(7)50. Os pesos absoluto (PAF) e relativo do fígado (PRF) foram maiores em TAGC(7)0 e TAGC(7)30 e a glicemia foi maior em TAGC(7)30 e TAGC(7)50, que no grupo-controle. Colesterol total, LDL-c, LDL-c/HDL-c e proteínas totais foram maiores no grupo-controle. O óleo experimental reduziu o PRF e determinou tendência de redução do peso corporal, PAF, percentual de lipídios hepáticos e graus de EH (GHE). As variáveis explicativas para GHE foram peso final, glicemia, albumina, HDL-c, LDL-c, LDL-c/HDL-c, VLDL-c e fosfatase alcalina. CONCLUSÕES: Sugere-se que di e trieptanoínas exerçam efeito hepatoprotetor contra a EH, em ratos, em uma feição dose-dependente.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the effect of chronic consumption of di- and triheptanoin on hepatic steatosis (HS) in rats. METHODOLOGY: Wistar rats were submitted to a diet AIN-93 with 0, 30 or 50% of its oil substituted with an oil rich in di- and triheptanoin, groups TAGC(7)0, TAGC(7)30 and TAGC(7)50 respectively, for nine months. The control group received Labina®. Liver histology, hepatic lesion and function proofs, glycemia and lipid profile, were performed. Variance analyses, F-test, Dunnet´s test and uni- and multivariate regression analyses were performed (p<0.05). RESULTS: TAGC(7)0, TAGC(7)30 and TAGC(7)50 developed HS; 80% of severe cases in TAGC(7)0, as against 40% in TAGC(7)50. The absolute (ALW) and relative (RLW) liver weights were higher in TAGC(7)0 and TAGC(7)30, and glycemia was greater in TAGC(7)30 and TAGC(7)50, than in the Control. Total cholesterol, LDL-c, LDL-c/HDL-c and total proteins were higher in the Control. The experimental oil reduced RLW and showed a tendency in the reduction of body weight, ALW, percentage of hepatic lipids and the severity of HS. The explanatory variables in relation to HS were final weight, glycemia, albumin, HDL-c, LDL-c, LDL-c/HDL-c, VLDL-c and alkaline phosphatase. CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that di- and triheptanoin have a hepatoprotector effect against HS, in rats, in a dose-dependant manner.

A medicina humana e veterinária tem falhado no tratamento de infecções em longo prazo causadas por Staphylococcus aureus associadas ao desenvolvimento de resistência a agentes antimicrobianos. A atividade antimicrobiana do extrato da casca do fruto de Punica granatum Linn. foi avaliada sobre 38 linhagens de S. aureus de origem bovina para a determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM). Das 38 linhagens ensaiadas, 22 são resistentes à penicilina.(PRSA). O extrato de P. granatum apresentou potencial ação antimicrobiana sobre todas as linhagens ensaiadas formando halos de inibição variando de 10 a 36 mm de diâmetro. Os resultados deste estudo confirmam a eficácia do extrato de P. granatum como potencial agente antibacteriano sobre S. aureus e demonstram a importância de se avaliar novas substâncias com potencial antimicrobiano, o que pode contribuir para a terapêutica alternativa em Medicina Veterinária.

Human and veterinary medicines have not been so well succeeded in order to achieving their goals concerning the treatment of infections for long term caused by Staphylococcus aureus linked to resistance development against antibiotic agents. The antibiotic activity of the Punica granatum Linn. fresh fruit pericarp extract was evaluated by the agar diffusion method on 38 S. aureus strains, isolated from apparently healthy lactating cows in farms situated in counties of the semi-arid region of the State of Paraíba, Brazil to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Twenty-two of the thirty-eight strains are penicillin-resistant (PRSA). The extract of P. granatum presented potential antibiotic action over all the assayed strains, forming 10 to 36 mm diameter inhibition zones. This paper's results claim the effectiveness of the extract of P. granatum as a potential antibacterial agent on S. aureus, and display the significance of evaluating new substances with antimicrobial potential, which can contribute to alternative therapeutics for veterinary and medicine.

O composto 5-(4-pyridinyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiol (Hpyt) adsorve espontaneamente sobre ouro formando SAMs ("Self-Assembled Monolayers") que, de acordo com os resultados eletroquímicos e de STM ("Scanning Tunneling Microscopy"), contêm poros através dos quais as moléculas dos complexos [Fe(CN)6]4- e [Ru(NH3)6]3+ acessam a superfície livre de modificação. Para o complexo [Fe(CN)6]4-, a dependência da corrente faradáica com o pH da solução eletrolítica permitiu o cálculo do pKa da molécula de Hpyt adsorvida sobre ouro (4,2). Os parâmetros termodinâmicos, DHads and DGads, para o processo de adsorção desta molécula foram estimados em -20,01 e -39,39 kJ mol-1, respectivamente, utilizando-se o modelo de Langmuir. O processo redox da metaloproteína citocromo c foi estudado utilizando-se a SAM de Hpyt. A constante de velocidade heterogênea de transferência de elétrons foi calculada em 2,29 × 10-3 cm s-1.

5-(4-pyridinyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiol (Hpyt) spontaneously adsorbs on gold forming SAMs (self-assembled monolayers) that, based on STM (Scanning Tunneling Microscopy) and electrochemical data, contain pinholes through which [Fe(CN)6]4- and [Ru(NH3)6]3+ probe molecules access the underlying gold electrode. For the former molecule, the dependence of the faradaic current on the electrolyte solution pH value allowed the evaluation of the surface pKa as 4.2. The thermodynamic parameters DHads and DGads for the Hpyt adsorption process could be described by the Langmuir model and were calculated as -20.01 and -39.39 kJ mol-1, respectively. Electrodic redox reaction of cytochrome c metalloprotein was accessed by using the Hpyt SAM with a heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant of 2.29 × 10-3 cm s-1.

OBJETIVOS: Pacientes em fase final de enfermidade renal frequentemente sofrem de falta de apetite, várias comorbidades e restrições dietéticas, e a despeito de hemodiálise regular, desequilíbrios nutricionais são frequentemente relatados. Com o propósito de correlacionar estado nutricional com ingestão alimentar, um estudo prospectivo foi realizado com pacientes ambulatoriais. MÉTODOS: Doentes estáveis sibmetidos a hemodiálise crônica por no mínimo 3 meses (n= 44) foram investigados mediante recordatório alimentar e determinações convencionais antropométricas, bioquímicas e de bioimpedância , incluindo-se avaliação global subjetiva e também objetiva. A idade do grupo era de 47.0 ± 16.9 anos com 63.6% de homens. O índice de massa corporal situava-se em 22.2 ± 3.9 kg/m2, a ingestão calórica foi de 1471 ± 601 kcal/dia (20.7 ± 6.7 kcal/kg/dia) e o consumo proteico atingiu 74.3 ± 16.6 g proteina/dia (1.2 g/kg/dia) . As variáveis dietéticas e clínicas foram correlacionadas com os índices nutricionais através da análise de regressão linear. RESULTADOS: A desnutrição estimada pela avalia;áo global subjetiva foi muito comum (>90%), apesar de que o índice de massa corporal e a taxa de albumina estavam aceitáveis na maioria da população. A avaliação objetiva global evidenciou resultados numericamente parecidos, com 6,8% bem nutridos, 61,4% com risco nutricional ou desnutrição leve, 29,6% no patamar moderado e 2,3% exibindo desnutrição grave. O ganho calórico total não apresentou associações, todavia ingressos de proteina, carboidratos e lípides se correlacionaram positivamente com a prega cutânea do tríceps (P=0.02). Apenas a ingestão lipídica associou-se diretamente com a circunferência do braço, demonstrando ainda correlação com o índice de massa corporal bem como com a gordura corpórea total (bioimpedância) (P<0.001). CONCLUSÕES: 1) 0s teores de proteinas, lípides e carboidratos na dieta exibiram um certo número de correlações com variáveis antropométricas e de bioimpedância; 2) A ingestão lipídica foi o melhor índice nesta experiência, ultrapassando a proteina ou o ganho energético total; 3) Em que pesem algumas limitações, o recordatório alimentar foi útil na avaliação destes pacientes de hemodiálise.

BACKGROUND: Patients in end-stage renal disease often suffer from poor appetite, various comorbidities, and dietary restrictions. Despite regular hemodialysis, nutritional imbalances are frequently reported. Aiming to correlate nutritional status with food ingestion, a prospective study was done in an outpatient group. METHODS: Stable patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis for at least 3 months (n = 44) were investigated by dietary recall and standard anthropometric, biochemical, and bioimpedance determinations, including subjective and objective global assessment. The mean age of the group was 47.0 ± 16.9 years, and 63.6% were men. Body mass index was 22.2 ± 3.9 kg/m² (mean ± SD), calorie intake was 1471 ± 601 kcal/day (20.7 ± 6.7 kcal/kg/day), and protein ingestion was 74.3 ± 16.6 g protein/day (1.2 g/kg/day). Dietary and clinical findings were correlated with nutritional indices by linear regression analysis. RESULTS: Malnutrition estimated by subjective global assessment was very common (>90%), despite the fact that body mass index and serum albumin were within an acceptable range in the majority of the population. Objective global assessment yelded roughly comparable numerical findings, with 6.8% being well nourished, 61.4% at nutritional risk or lightly undernourished, 29.6% moderately malnourished, and 2.3% severely malnourished. Total calorie intake was devoid of associations, but protein, carbohydrate, and lipid input positively correlated with triceps skinfold (P=.02). Lipid ingestion was the only marker directly associated with arm circumference, and it correlated with body mass index, as well as with total body fat (bioimpedance analysis) (P <.001). CONCLUSIONS: 1) Bioimpedance analysis was useful and was correlated with clinical findings; 2) Lipid intake was the best dietary index in this experience, surpassing protein or total energy; 3) Despite its shortcomings, dietary recall was useful in the assessment of hemodialysis patients.

OBJETIVOS: Definir a prevalência de pressão arterial elevada em amostra representativa de escolares e adolescentes de Maceió (Alagoas, Brasil) e pesquisar a associação de pressão arterial elevada com idade, gênero e estado nutricional. MÉTODOS: Estudo epidemiológico descritivo, transversal, randomizado, realizado entre maio de 2000 e setembro de 2002, que avaliou indivíduos de 7 a 17 anos sorteados entre 185.702 alunos de escolas públicas e privadas de Maceió. O cálculo da amostra foi realizado com base no valor esperado da prevalência de hipertensão arterial sistêmica para a faixa etária. Após a randomização, os dados foram coletados através de questionário, aferição de peso e altura e duas medidas da pressão arterial. Pressão arterial elevada foi definida como pressão arterial sistólica e/ou diastólica igual ou acima do percentil 95 em qualquer das duas medidas realizadas. RESULTADOS: A amostra final constituiu-se de 1.253 estudantes (706 do gênero feminino). Foram identificados 118 estudantes com pressão arterial elevada, média de idade de 13 anos, sendo 44% do gênero masculino. Risco de sobrepeso foi identificado em 9,3% das crianças, e sobrepeso, em 4,5%; houve associação significante dessas variáveis com pressão arterial elevada. CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de pressão arterial elevada foi de 9,4%, e foi significantemente maior nos estudantes com sobrepeso e com risco de sobrepeso.

OBJECTIVES: To define the prevalence of high blood pressure in a representative sample of children and adolescents from the city of Maceió, state of Alagoas, Brazil, and to investigate the association of high blood pressure with age, sex and nutritional status. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was carried out from May 2000 to September 2002. Individuals between 7 and 17 years of age were selected among all the 185,702 students from public and private schools. The size of the sample was defined based on the expected prevalence of hypertension for the age group. After randomization, data were collected through a questionnaire. Blood pressure was measured twice. Weight and height were also measured. High blood pressure was defined as systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure over the 95th percentile in one or in both measures. RESULTS: The final sample included 1,253 students (706 females). One hundred and eighteen students had high blood pressure (mean age 13 years; 44% males). Risk of being overweight and excess weight were identified, respectively, in 9.3 and 4.5% of the students. These variables were significantly associated with high blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of high blood pressure was 9.4%. High blood pressure was significantly more frequent among overweight students and among those at risk for being overweight.